Zvivako zvekuvaka ndizvo zvinhu zvakakosha zvekuvaka, zvinotaridza chimiro chechivako, manyorerwo, uye mhedzisiro. Zvivako zvechinyakare zvekuvaka zvinosanganisira matombo, huni, zvidhinha zvevhu, lime, uye gypsum, nepo zvekuvaka zvemazuva ano zvinosanganisira simbi, simende, kongiri, girazi, uye mapurasitiki. Mumwe nomumwe wavo ane maitiro akasiyana uye anoita basa rinokosha mukuvaka.
Traditional building material
1. Dombo
Stone ndicho chimwe chezvinhu zvekutanga zvechinyakare zvekuvaka zvakashandiswa munhoroondo yevanhu. Iyo inoratidzira akawanda matura, kupararira kwakapararira, chimiro chakanaka, yakakwirira yekumanikidza simba, yakanaka kudzivirira mvura, kusimba, uye yakanakisa kupfeka kuramba. Western Europe yakamboshandiswa zvakanyanya dombo mukuvaka, ine mienzaniso inocherekedza inosanganisira yakanakisa Palace yeVersailles muFrance neBritish Parliament House. Uyezve, mapiramidhi eEgipita akavakwa pachishandiswa matombo makuru akanyatsochekwa. Kuvakwa kwematombo kunotakura aura yehukuru, kukudzwa, uye hukuru. Nekudaro, nekuda kwehuremu hwayo hwepamusoro uye huremu, zvivakwa zvematombo zvinowanzove nemadziro akakora, izvo zvinoderedza chiyero chepasi pechivako. Zvakangodaro, inogona kushandiswa sechiratidzo cheumbozha muupscale architecture, ichigadzira yakasarudzika hunyanzvi mhedzisiro.
2. Huni
Matanda, sechinyakare chekuvakisa, ane hunhu hwakadai sehuremu, simba repamusoro, kukwezva, kushanda zvakanaka, kuvandudzwa, kudzokorodza, uye kushamwaridzana nenharaunda pasina kusvibiswa. Naizvozvo, zvivakwa zvemapuranga zvimiro zvinoratidza kugadzikana kwakanyanya uye seismic kuramba. Zvisinei, huni hunoshandiswa pakuvaka hunouyawo nezvipingamupinyi. Inowanzoita deformation, kutsemuka, kukura mold, uye kutapukirwa netumbuyu. Uyezve, inobatwa nemoto, iyo inogona kukanganisa kunaka kwayo uye kugara kwayo.
Matanda anga ari chivakwa chekuvaka chisingaperi nekuda kwehukuru hwemakina zvivakwa uye ave achishandiswa zvakanyanya mumabasa ekuvaka kubva kare. Zvimwe zvivakwa zvakaita sezvikamu zveNanchan Tembere uye Foguang Tembere paGomo reWutai muChina zvinoshanda sevamiriri vezvivakwa. Zvivako izvi zvine mitsetse yakapfava, isingachinji, eaves yakakura, mabhureki akatanhamara, uye chimiro chakareruka uye chakareruka.
Mumapurojekiti emazuva ano einjiniya, zvinhu zvakaita sematanda, makoramu, zvitsigiro, magonhi, mahwindo, uye kunyange zviumbwa zvekongiri zvinotsamira pahuni. Sechinhu chinofema chekuvaka, huni inopa kudziya munguva yechando uye kutonhora muzhizha, nokudaro kugadzira nzvimbo yekugara yakakodzera kwazvo yevanhu.
Nanchan Tembere, China
3. Zvidhinha zvevhu
Zvidhinha zvevhu imhando yezvigadzirwa zvekuvaka zvakagadzirwa nevanhu. Kwenguva yakareba, zvidhinha zvevhu zvakajairika zvave zviri madziro makuru ekuvaka dzimba muChina. Zvidhinha zvevhu zvinoratidzirwa nehukuru hwavo hudiki, huremu huremu, kuve nyore kwekuvaka, kurongeka uye chimiro chenguva dzose, kutakura mutoro, simba rekudzivirira uye kugadzirisa, pamwe nekushongedza kwavo kwefacade. Kuashandisa pakuvaka kwakaita basa guru mukugadzira nzvimbo dzekugara dzevanhu. Guta Rakarambidzwa chifananidzi chekuvaka chinoshandisa zvidhinha zvevhu. Zvidhinha zvevhu zvagara zvakaumbwa zvakashandiswa kumberi kwekunze zvinopa kuti Guta Rakarambidzwa riite zvinoyevedza. Zvisinei, zvidhinha zvevhu zvinogadzirwa ivhu remusikirwo, uye kugadzirwa kwazvo kunosanganisira kupira ivhu rinorimika. Zvishoma nezvishoma, dzakatsiviwa nezvimwe zvinhu. Kunyanguvezvo, nzvimbo yavo munhau yokuvaka yavanhu haisati ichizotongodzimwa.
4. Lime
Lime, sechinyakare chekuvakisa, inozivikanwa nekusimba kwayo kwepurasitiki, inononoka kuomesa maitiro, yakaderera simba mushure mekuoma, uye yakakosha vhoriyamu shrinkage panguva yekuoma. Zviuru zvemakore zvaro zvenhoroondo zvinopupurira kuvimba kwevanhu uye kuvimba nezvinhu izvi. Lime inoramba iri chinhu chakakosha chekuvakisa, chinoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumapurojekiti akasiyana ekuvaka nemaindasitiri, senge mukati mekupurasita, kusanganisa lime mortar uye grout, nekugadzirira adobe uye zvidhinha zvedhaka.
Saizvozvo, gypsum, chimwe chinyakare chivakwa chekuvakisa, chinozvirumbidza nezvakawanda zvekushandisa, iri nyore kugadzira maitiro, yakaderera kugadzirwa kwesimba rekushandisa, kunyura kwakasimba kwehunyoro, kugona, uye kushamwaridzana kwezvakatipoteredza. Iyo inonyanya kukodzera kune emazuva ano ekuvaka mukati mezvikamu, zvekushongedza, uye kupedza mapurojekiti. Pamusoro pezvo, inonyanya kushandiswa kugadzira gypsum plaster uye gypsum zvigadzirwa.
Zvinhu zvekuvaka zvemazuva ano
5. Simbi
Simbi inoita basa rakakosha mukuvaka kwechizvino-zvino sechinhu chekuvaka. Simbi ine hunhu hwakanakisa sehuremu asi huremu hwakasimba, kunaka kwepurasitiki uye kusimba, kuchengetedzeka uye kuvimbika, danho rekusimudzira maindasitiri, kukurumidza kuvaka kukurumidza, kuputsa zviri nyore, zvisimbiso zvakanaka, uye kupisa kwakanyanya. Aya emhando yepamusoro anoita kuti ive yakakosha mukuvaka kwechizvino-zvino, inonyanya kushandiswa mune yakakura-span zvivakwa zvesimbi senge nhandare dzendege nenhandare, yakakwirira-inokwira zvivakwa zvesimbi zvinosanganisira mahotera nezvivakwa zvehofisi, zvivakwa zvakakura senge terevhizheni uye shongwe dzekutaurirana, plate shell simbi zviumbwa semafuta makuru. matangi ekuchengetera uye matangi egasi, maindasitiri efekitari simbi zvimiro, zvimiro zvesimbi zvisina kuremerwa senge matura madiki, zvivakwa zvesimbi zvebhiriji, uye zvimiro zvesimbi zvekufamba senge maelevator uye. cranes.
6. Simende
Cement, sechivakwa chemazuva ano chekuvakisa, inowana kushandiswa kwakawanda mumaindasitiri, zvekurima, zviwanikwa zvemvura, zvekufambisa, kusimudzira maguta, chiteshi chengarava, uye kuvaka kwekudzivirira. Munguva yemazuva ano, chave chinhu chakakosha pakuvaka kune chero chirongwa chekuvaka. Cement chinhu chisina kusimba chehupfu icho, kana chasanganiswa nemvura, chinoumba chinyoro uye chinoumbika. Nekufamba kwenguva, iyi simende paste inopinda mumuviri uye kemikari shanduko, ichishanduka kubva painogadzika paste ichienda kune yakaomeswa yakasimba ine imwe nhanho yesimba. Iyo inogona zvakare kubatanidza pamwechete yakasimba masasi kana granular zvinhu kugadzira chimiro chakabatana. Simende haingoomese uye kuwana simba kana yaiswa mumhepo asi inogonawo kuomesa mumvura, kuchengetedza uye kunyange kuvandudza simba rayo. Simende inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumapurojekiti ekuvaka, iine huwandu hwakawanda hwekushandisa muinjiniya, mafuta uye gasi zvivakwa, kuvaka madhamu, kuvaka masonry, kuvaka migwagwa, nezvimwe.
7. Kongiri
Concrete, sechivakwa chemazuva ano chekuvaka, inoita basa rakakosha mumapurojekiti ekuvaka emazuva ano. Concrete chinhu chekuvaka chinoumbwa nekusanganisa zvinosungirirana sevhu, lime, gypsum, volcanic ash, kana asphalt yechisikigo ine aggregates sejecha, slag, uye dombo rakapwanyika. Iyo inozvirumbidza yakanakisa zvivakwa, zvinosanganisira kubatana kwakasimba, kusimba, uye kudzivirira kwemvura. Nekudaro, kongiri inoonekwa sechinhu chisina kusimba chine simba rakanyanya kudzvanya asi rakaderera zvakanyanya kusimba, zvichiita kuti ive nyore kutsemuka.
Nekuiswa kwesimende nesimbi, zvakaonekwa kuti kubatanidza zvinhu izvi zvakapa simba rekubatanidza zviri nani uye zvakavabvumira kuti vatsigire utera hwemumwe nemumwe vachisimudzira masimba avo. Nekubatanidza simbi yekusimbisa mukongiri, haingodziviriri simbi chete kubva pakusangana nemhepo, kudzivirira ngura asiwo inowedzera simba rekusimba rechikamu chechimiro. Izvi zvakakonzera kugadzirwa kwekongiri yakasimbiswa, kuwedzera huwandu hwekushandiswa kwekongiri mukuvaka.
Mukuenzanisa nemaitiro echinyakare zvidhinha nematombo, zvivakwa zvehuni, uye zvimiro zvesimbi, zvivakwa zvekongiri zvakasangana nekukasira uye zvave izvo zvekutanga zvimiro zveinjiniya. Zvakare, yakakwirira-inoshanda kongiri uye inovandudza kongiri mhando dzinoramba dzichienderera mberi uye nekushanduka mumunda wekuvaka.
8. Girazi
Uyezve, magirazi nemapurasitiki, sezvivakwa zvemazuva ano zvekuvaka, zviri kuramba zvichishandiswa muzvirongwa zvekuvaka zvemazuva ano. Girazi rinogona kusangana nezvinodiwa pakuvheneka kwemasikati, kushongedza, uye dhizaini yefacade, ichienderana nezvinodiwa zvesimba rezvivakwa zvemazuva ano. Girazi rinowana kushanda mune angangoita ese maficha ekuvaka nekuda kwemhando dzakasiyana siyana, segirazi rinodziya, semi-hasha girazi, insulated girazi, laminated girazi, tinted girazi, rakavharwa girazi, patani girazi, rinodzivirira moto girazi, vacuum girazi, nezvimwe. .
Shanghai-Poly-Grand-Theatre
9. Plastiki
Plastiki ikirasi iri kusimukira yezvivakwa zvekuvaka izvo, nekuda kwekuita kwayo kwakanakisa, huwandu hwemashandisirwo, uye tarisiro inovimbisa, inoonekwa sechikamu chechina chezvivakwa zvekuvaka mushure mesimbi, simende, uye huni mukuvaka kwemazuva ano. Plastiki ine hupamhi hwekushandisa, kubva pamatenga edzimba kusvika pasi, uye kubva kunze kwenzvimbo dzeveruzhinji kusvika kune zvekushongedza zvemukati. Parizvino, kushandiswa kunonyanya kushandiswa kwepurasitiki mukuvaka ndekwepombi dzemvura uye dzemvura, pombi dzinofambisa gasi, uye magonhi ePVC nemahwindo, achiteverwa newaya dzemagetsi netambo.
Imwe yemabhenefiti akakosha emapurasitiki kugona kwavo kwekuchengetedza simba, nekugadzirwa uye kushandiswa kwezvigadzirwa zvepurasitiki zvine kuderera kwesimba rekushandisa zvichienzaniswa nezvimwe zvekuvaka. Nekuda kweizvozvo, mapurasitiki ave kushandiswa zvakanyanya mukugadzira denga remadziro, madziro, uye uriri. Munda wemapurasitiki ekuvaka uri kuramba uchishanduka uchienda kune yepamusoro mashandiro, kuvandudzwa kwekuita, kuita kwakasiyana-siyana, uye mutengo-kubudirira.
10. Silicone sealant
Silicone sealant chinhu chakaita senamira chakagadzirwa nekusanganisa polydimethylsiloxane sechinhu chikuru mbishi ine crosslinking agents, mafirita, plasticizers, coupling agents, uye catalysts pasi pevacuum mamiriro. Pane tembiricha yemumba, inorapa uye inoita elastic silicone rabha kuburikidza nekuita nehunyoro mumhepo. Inoshandiswa kubatanidza uye kuvhara marudzi akasiyana egirazi uye mamwe ma substrates. Parizvino, Eolya inopa zvisimbiso zvakasiyana-siyana, zvinosanganisira girazi sealant, mamiriro ekunze-resistant sealant, moto-resistant sealant, stone sealant, metal joint sealant, mold-resistant sealant, decoration joint sealant, uye insulated girazi sealant, pakati pezvimwe, inowanikwa mumhando dzakawanda uye specifications.
11. Foam yepolyurethane (PU Foam)
Semhando nyowani yezvivakwa zvekuvaka, polyurethane foam yakagamuchira kutariswa kwakapararira mumakore achangopfuura. Iyo inogadzirwa kubva kumamonomers senge isocyanates uye polyols kuburikidza nepolymerization reaction, neyakagadzirwa kabhoni dhaidhirodhi gasi inoshanda seanopupuma agent. Kuita uku kunogadzira foam yakasimba yakarongeka. Polyurethane furo rinonyanya kukamurwa kuita rigid polyurethane foam, inochinjika polyurethane furo, uye semi-rigid polyurethane furo. Kusiyana neyakavharwa-sero chimiro cheyakaomarara polyurethane furo, inochinjika polyurethane furo ine yakavhurika-sero chimiro, inoratidzwa nekureruka kwayo, kufema, uye kusimba kwayo. Semi-rigid polyurethane foam imhando yakavhurika-sero yefuro ine kuoma pakati pefuro rakapfava uye rakaomarara, uye ine yakakwirira compression mitoro. Rigid polyurethane foam, inova yekugadzira zvinhu ine insulation uye basa rekudzivirira mvura, ine yakaderera yekupisa conductivity uye diki density, nekudaro inowanzo shandiswa seyakavharira uye yekupisa inodzivirira zvinhu mukuvaka.
Zvichienzaniswa nemidziyo yekuvaka yechinyakare, polyurethane foam ine mabhenefiti akatanhamara muzvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana, zvinosanganisira yakanakisa insulation performance, yakasimba moto kuramba, yakakwirira mvura kuramba, uye yakagadzikana michina zvivakwa. Inogona kuiswa pa-saiti kuburikidza nekukandira kana kupfapfaidza kuti igadzire inoenderera mberi insulation layer, uye yakawana mashandisirwo akawandisa mukuvaka kunze, matenga, pasi, magonhi, mahwindo, uye yekudziya pombi network.
Zvichienzaniswa nezvigadzirwa zvechinyakare uye zvemazuva ano zvekuvaka, nekuda kwekufambira mberi kwehunyanzvi uye nekushanduka kwekuda kwekuvaka, zvemazuva ano zvekuvaka zvinopa zvakanakira kupfuura zvechinyakare. Nekuda kweizvozvo, vatora chinzvimbo chepamusoro mukuvaka kwemazuva ano, nepo zvivakwa zvekuvaka zvechinyakare zvichishandiswa mune yekuwedzera basa. Zvivakwa zvemazuva ano zvekuvaka zvakaita sesimbi, simende, kongiri, girazi, uye macomposites zvakatyora zvipingamupinyi zvechimiro uye saizi yakatemerwa nezvinhu zvechinyakare zvakaita sedombo, huni, zvidhinha zvevhu, uye lime gypsum. Vakafambisa kugadzirwa kwepamusoro-soro, yakadzika-span zvivakwa uye vakasangana nezvinodiwa zvekuvakwa kwemaguta, kuenderana nemaitiro ekuchengetedza kwezvakatipoteredza uye kuchengetedza simba munharaunda yemazuva ano.
Nguva yekutumira: Aug-31-2023
